非谓语教案|非谓语教案(系列十八篇)
发表时间：2023-10-29非谓语教案(系列十八篇)。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
1. 使役动词或感官动词后的不定式何时带to
He had often made his little sister ______, but today he wasmade ______ by his little sister.
A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry
此题应选 A。一般说来, 在“感官动词”(如 see, hear,
watch, feel, notice, look at, listen to等)以及某些“使役
动词”(如make等)之后的复合宾语中, 不定式是不能带to的, 但若是变为相应的被动语态, 则应加上这个to：
1. John was made ____ the truck for a week as a
punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washed
2. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always
works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
3. He not only made the workers _____ long hoursbut he was also seen ____ them.
A. work, beat B. to work, to beat
C. work, to beat D. to work, beat
4. a. He often listened to others ______.
b. He was often listened to _____ in this room.
A. sing, to sing B. to sing, sing
C. sing, sing D. to sing, to sing
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A
2. 哪些动词后要接动名词而不接不定式作宾语
I would appreciate ______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you’re calling
此题应选 C。因为动词appreciate(感激)之后通常接动名词作宾语。类似地，以下动词通常也只用动名词作宾语：
appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 can’t help 禁不住
consider 考虑 dislike 厌恶 enjoy 喜爱
excuse 原谅 finish 完成 give up 放弃
imagine 想象 keep 保持 mind 介意
miss 错过 practise 练习 put off 推迟
risk 冒险 stop 停止 suggest 建议
forbid 禁止 advise 建议 allow 允许
permit 允许 等等
I couldn’t help laughing when we heard the news. 听到这个消息我禁不住笑了起来。
I can’t imagine doing work with them. 我无法想象与他们一起工作。
He practises playing the piano every day. 他每天练习弹钢琴。
Would you mind opening the window? 打开窗户你介意吗?
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed beingcaught. 这只小松鼠很幸运, 没有被抓住。
He advised selling the old car. 他建议卖掉这部旧汽车。
3. 哪些动词后要接不定式而不接动名词作宾语
We expected ______ but we didn’t manage ______ the tickets.
A. to go, to get B. going, getting C. to go, getting D. going, to get
此题应选A, 因为动词 expect, manage之后接动词作宾语时，通常要用不定式而不用动名词。类似地以下动词通常也只能以不定式作宾语：
agree 同意 ask 要求 choose 决定
decide 决定 expect 期待 hope 希望
manage 设法得以 prepare 准备 offer 主动提出
pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝
wish 希望 want 想要等等
1. She pretended _____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen
2. We agreed _____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting
C. to meet D. to have met
3. He offered _____ us the money, so we decided_____ a computer.
A. to lend, to buy B. lending, buying
C. to lend, buying D. lending, to buy
4. He chose _____ at home because he had a cold.
A. staying B. to stay
C. having stayed D. to having stayed
答案：1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B
4. like, love等动词后接不定式还是动名词
Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
此题应选 A。因为从语法上看should love 之后只能接不定式, 所以答案只能在A, B中选择；又因为从句意上看应该用被动式, 所以只能选A。
在英语中, 有些动词其后接动词作宾语时, 可用不定式也可用动名词, 且含义大致相同。这类动词主要有：like, love, begin, start, hate, prefer, continue, intend, can’t bear(也有人认为用不定式多指特定动作, 用动名词多指经常性动作, 但总的说来, 在现代英语中这两类结构区别不大)：
He like watching [to watch] TV. 他喜欢看电视。
I prefer living [to live] here. 我喜欢住在这儿。
但是以下两点须注意：
1. 当like, love与would, should连用时, 其后只用不定式而不用动名词(见本题)。
若表示“本来想要”这样的意思, 后接不定式的`完成式：
I’d love to have gone to the party yesterday but
I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨天我本想去参加晚会的, 但我要加班写一个报告。
2. 当begin, start 等动词本身为现在分词时或当其后接表示心理状态的动词时, 其后的动词通常用不定式：
I was beginning (starting) to cook supper. 我正要开始煮晚饭。
He began to like poetry when he was a boy. 他在童年时代就开始喜欢诗。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
概论：不受主语的人称和数的制约，也不体现时的特征，不能独立充当谓语，只能与一定的助动词结合构成进行体、完成体或被动语态。
To know the main facts is not enough.
It is a great pleasure to be here.
It made me happy to find Marry there.
Is it a good idea to go swimming today?
What fun it is to read Mark Twain’s book!
It’s important for us to master English.
It’s kind of you to say so.
To see is to believe.
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Cf. I am to leave tomorrow.
You are to answer for it.
1.agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, like, love, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等后面可以接宾语不定式。
He agreed to smoke no more.
What did he say he wanted to do?
2.decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, wonder后可以接不定式特殊结构。
what to do.
where to go.
whom to ask.
I don’t know who to do it.
when to stop.
how to get there.
Which to choose.
四、宾补（体现形容词特征）此时宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。
1. 感觉动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at。
Did you see him go out?
2. 表示“致使”等意思的动词have, let, make, advise, cause, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn等。注：有下划线的动词接省略to的不定式宾补。
I made him leave without any hesitation.
I can’t get her to talk.
3.心理状态的动词consider, declare, find, prove, believe, discover, feel, judge, suppose等。
We found him to be dishonest.(to be可以同时省略)
4.短语动词long for, would like, prepare for, wait for, call on等。
The Party has called on us to learn from Lei Feng.
It’s time to go to bed.
Have you anything to say for your self?
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
I’ve brought this chair to sit in.
You’ve given me much to think about.
He’s always the first to come and the last to leave.
He was running to catch the bus.
She opened the door for the children to come in.
I took my shoes to be mended.
He went early in order/ so as not to miss the train.
(In order) To draw maps properly, you need a special pencil.
She went abroad, never to return.
Would you be so kind as to lend me some money?
He is such as fool as to think he is right there.
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
That’s much too heavy for you to lift.
She woke up early to find it was raining.
I got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
I pretended to be happy to know him.(原因)
I pretended to be happy to stop my mother from worrying.(目的)
原因不定式与目的不定式的区别：（1）如果不定式前可以加上in order或，就是目的状语；（2）如果表示目的不定式结构表示的动作后于谓语动词的动作；如果表示原因，不定式结构表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作。
A．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语。
（1） 表示喜怒哀乐的形容词angry, glad, happy, proud, sorry, thankful, astonished, delighted, disappointed, excited, interested, moved, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等；
He was delighted to see his old friend again.
（2） 表示运气的形容词lucky, fortunate等；
We are lucky to make such a good friend.
（3） 表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词afraid, anxious, determined, eager, free, ready, willing, prepared, able, disable等；
She was afraid to go out at night.
(4) 表示可能性、确定性的形容词likely, certain, sure;
*He is likely to see Marry.= He will probably see Marry.
=It is likely that he will see Marry.
*She’s certain to do well in the exam.= She will certainly do well in the exam.
= It is certain that she will do well in the exam.
*James was sure to need help.= James will surely need help.
=James will need help, that’s sure.
(5)表示性格特征、行为表现的形容词brave, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, lazy, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, wise等；
John was careless to break the cup.
=It was careless of John to break the cup.
转换成由how引导的感叹句时，it is/was常省略，如上句：
How careless of John to break the cup!
B．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。
Mary is easy to teach.
=To teach Mary is easy.
=It is easy to teach Mary.
Mary is easy for you to teach.
=It is easy for you to teach Mary.
=For you to teach Mary is easy.
Mary is an easy pupil for you to teach.
=Mary is a pupil easy for you to teach.
这类句型中的形容词通常为cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, expensive, impossible, funny, interesting, pleasant, hard, important, improper, nice, splendid, strange, useful等。
如果不定式为不及物动词，则要加上介词或副词，如：
Mary is pleasant to talk to.
Foreign countries are often exciting to go to.
The coffee is bitter to taste.
The grass is very smooth to walk on.
This map is clear to read.
These cookies are tasty to eat.
注意：不定式有时用被动语态与主动语态没有区别，如：
This is too important a matter to leave/ to be left until tomorrow.
These books are not strong enough to use/ to be used as a platform.
There is so much work to do/ to be done.
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
动词的---ing形式有时在用法上相当于名词，因此叫做动名词，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
Reading is learning, but using is also learning.
Seeing is believing.
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
但是表语形容词是important, necessary等时，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn English by using it.
动名词复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词，常用属格，如：
Her going there won’t do any harm.
It is no use Mary’s pretending that she didn’t know the rules.
Seeing is believing.
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
What she hated most was resting at home and doing nothing.
My job is teaching English.
We are to go to the new museum for a visit tomorrow.
区别的诀窍是表语不定式可以和主语对调，如：
Teaching English is my job.
1． 只接动名词作宾语的动词有：be used to, consider, delay,. dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep (on), look forward to, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, pardon, risk, suggest, permit, allow, forbid, advise, set about等。
I can’t risk missing the train.
I don’t mind Jane/ Jane’s buying another one.
2．接动名词和不定式作宾语都可以的动词有：
1) 动名词和不定式意义基本一致的动词：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, need, want, deserve等；
Jack loves listening / to listen to pop music.
My hair needs cutting.= My hair needs to be cut.
2) 动名词和不定式意义有些差别的动词：remember, forget, try, help,mean, stop, go on等。
I remember posting the letter.
I will remember to post the letter.
I’ve quite forgotten putting it there.
I forgot to put it there.
He tried to write better.
He tried writing better with a brush.
I couldn’t help finishing reading the book.
I’m sorry I can’t help finish doing the job.
Do you mean to tell me you didn’t post it?
If you didn’t do it, it will mean waiting for a long time.
They stopped talking.
They stopped to talk.
He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.
He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.
He regretted missing(= having missed = to have missed) the last train.
freezing point, living room, sleeping car, waiting room, dining room, writing dest, walking stick, washing machine, smoking room等。
注意：a singing bird中的singing现在分词，表示被修饰的名词的动作。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
非谓语动词的被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌
advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
1． 常接不定式作宾语的动词有afford ,agree, arrange, ask, cannot help but, choose, dare, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, like, love, long, manage, mean, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, would like 等；
2． 常接动名词作宾语的动词有consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, pardon, risk, suggest, feel, allow, permit, forbid, advise, admit, feel like, set about, stick to, be used to, look forward to, insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, hear of, prevent from, keep from, stop from, be engaged in, oppose to, depend on, thank for, punish for, praise for, excuse for, aim at, devote to, be devoted to, spend in, have a good time in, have trouble/difficulty in, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be successful in, be interested in, be ashamed of, be proud of, be responsible for等；
3． 常接不定式和动名词作宾语都可以的动词有1)没有大区别的like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, 2)有区别的remember, forget, regret, try, help, mean, stop, go on, want/require/need/deserve等；
4． 常接不定式特殊结构作宾语的动词有decide, find out, forget, remember, know, learn, see, wonder, discuss, show, teach, explain, tell等；
5． 常接不定式作宾补的动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at; have, let, make; consider, declare, find, prove, think, judge, believe, discover, feel, suppose; ask, tell, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, get, invite, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn,等；
1) John was careless to break the cup.
=It was careless of John to break the cup.
(brave, wise, clever, bright, cute, foolish, stupid, silly, cruel, good, nice, honest, kind, lazy, modest, polite, rude, selfish等)
2) For you to teach Mary is easy.
=It is easy for you to teach Mary.
(cheap, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, expensive, extraordinary, funny, interesting, important, impossible, possible, proper, improper, pleasant, splendid, strange, useful 等)
1) Apples are good to eat.
The chair is comfortable to sit in.
This is a hard problem to solve.
This is a problem hard to solve.
(easy, hard, difficult, dangerous, impossible, important, comfortable, interesting, funny, pleasant, good, nice, bitter, sweet, sour, hot等)
2) His hair needs cutting.
3) The old radio is past repairing.
The beauty of the Great Wall is beyond painting.
4) The film is worth seeing again.
8． 接过去分词作宾补的动词有：
1） Everyone thought the battle lost.
2) She couldn’t wait to make it known that she had bought a new car.
3) I want the book returned before Friday.
9． 接现在分词作宾补的动词有：
1) Can you smell something burning?
(see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to)
2) I won’t have you saying that.
(have, set, keep, get, leave, send)
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
非谓语动词是英语语法中的重要部分，它包括不定式、动名词和分词。掌握了非谓语动词的用法和特点，可以帮助我们更准确、简洁地表达自己的意思。下面，我们将从不同角度详细讲解非谓语动词，并通过课件的形式生动地展示给大家。
第一部分：不定式
不定式是非谓语动词中的一种形式，由“to + 动词原形”构成。它有时可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等不同的句子成分。比如，在下面的句子中，不定式分别充当了不同的句子成分：
1. 主语：To learn a new language is challenging.
2. 宾语：She wants to go shopping.
3. 表语：His dream is to become a famous musician.
4. 定语：She needs a pen to write with.
5. 状语：He left the room to grab a drink.
第二部分：动名词
动名词是非谓语动词中的另一种形式，它由动词的现在分词形式构成，常以-ing结尾。动名词可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等不同的句子成分。下面是一些例子：
1. 主语：Singing makes her happy.
2. 宾语：I enjoy playing basketball.
3. 表语：Her favorite activity is dancing.
4. 定语：The running water sounded soothing.
5. 状语：He did his homework while listening to music.
第三部分：分词
分词是非谓语动词中的最后一种形式，它包括现在分词和过去分词。分词可以用作定语和状语。现在分词以-ing结尾，过去分词通常以-ed或-en结尾。以下是一些例子：
1. 定语：The broken window needs to be repaired.
2. 状语：Smiling happily, she greeted her friends.
3. 定语：The stolen wallet has been returned.
4. 状语：Exhausted from work, he fell asleep in the chair.
通过这个课件，我们了解了非谓语动词的不同形式和用法。熟练掌握非谓语动词的用法，可以帮助我们更好地表达自己的意思，使句子更加简洁明了。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
语法测试：非谓语动词语法题的干扰项分析和答题技巧
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明，非谓语动词语法题的干扰项分析和答题技巧。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的'一个题眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语，英语方法《非谓语动词语法题的干扰项分析和答题技巧》。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
(2)对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
1 . ороться：орюсь，орешься，орются；
2 . составлятьсоставить
3 . 一天下午，我们开始了修路的战斗。天气异常闷热，没有一丝风，太阳像个大火球烤着大地，小鸟躲在树叶下乘凉。几块云头在东南的天边上蹲着，不知在打什么主意。我和伙伴们欢天喜地地忙碌着，汗水顺着脖子脸往卜淌，衣服都能拧出水来。刘悦拿了个铁锤在地上钉上几个钉子，又用细线拉出了几条笔直的线，这就是他绘制的路的蓝图。朱振忠带着我们几个队员手握铁锹清理着路基上的破砖烂石，填平坑洼。身体壮的小华卷着裤筒带着运土小队，推着小车，弓着身拉来一车车泥土，一锹锹地铺在路基上。一条平坦的路渐渐地向前延伸着。
4 . авать：аю，аёшь，ают；
5 . 你需要好好休息。
6 . 相信自己。
7 . 分完工，老师一声令下，大家就热火朝天地干起来。我和小强按照事先用石灰粉画好的圆圈儿开始抡镐挥锹。开始时还挺顺利的挖到一尺多深以后，就有点累了，也不怎么好挖了。按要求应该是挖直径公分的圆桶形树坑，坑壁要直上直下。可这时用镐刨吧，镐把挡着，镐头够不着上;用锹挖吧，坑直上直下，土又铲不出来。怎么办?有了，用手往外掏!于是，我们就用手一捧一捧地往外掏土。树坑终于挖好了，小兰走来，把小树苗放进坑里，用双手扶直扶稳，我和小强就开始填土了。你一铲，我一锹，填上一层土，再用脚用力地踩实，好让小树牢牢地扎根在泥土里，不一会儿就把树坑填满了。接着我们轮番上去踩，踩得实实的。打水浇树的同学来了，“哗―哗―”两桶清清的水倒进了树坑里，慢慢地渗进了泥土中。
8 . 村边场上，人们正用脱粒机为玉米脱粒。扬起的玉米，像挂在山间的一道小瀑布。
9 . Youneedagoodrest
10 . купить：куплю，купишь，купят；
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
1.理解小说中对比描写的作用。
2.学习通过细腻的描写方法刻画人物形象。
(一) 课前预习。
1.课文从哪几处进行了对比描写?
2.对比描写在小说中的作用?
3.通过上网及其他方法，了解小说产生的社会背景和故事梗概。
4.分析高老头的人物形象。
5.就小说感兴趣的问题发表自己的见解。
1.了解故事梗概以及小说产生的社会背景，有利于对课文人物形象的分析。
2.在认真研读课文的基础上，学生通过思索发表对高老头形象的分析意见。
3.通过对课文《高老头》对比描写的分析指出对比描写在小说中的作用。
1. 教师检查学生预习。
● 小说产生的社会背景。
● 小说的故事梗概。
教师和学生共同完成小说社会背景的介绍：
小说的故事发生在波旁王复辟时期。18，拿破仑资产阶级帝国垮台。波旁先生王朝卷土重来，封建政权复辟。这个王朝维持了十多年。于1830年七月革命时被推翻。在复辟时期，大批逃亡国外的贵族回到法国，夺回他们的财产，重新得到权势。但历史的潮流仍然滚滚向前。
贵族的重新得势，并没有改变法国资本主义社会的本质。在两个阶级的激烈斗争中，资产阶级向腐朽的贵族步步进逼。
在这样的情况下，贵族的一部分人受到资产阶级思想腐蚀，只想快快发财，向资产阶级投降。比如拉斯蒂涅。
另一些贵族，自以为出身高贵、门第显赫，虽然外强中干，却态度傲慢，看不起资产阶级，坚决拒绝向资产阶级投降。但到最后，他们的门第敌不过金钱的势力，因此，一败涂地，比如鲍赛昂子爵夫人。
教师介绍故事梗概：
伏盖太太在巴黎的郊区开了一家客店，取名伏盖公寓。公寓里住着有穷大学生拉斯蒂涅;面粉商人高里奥;身份不明的伏脱冷;被赶出家门的泰伊番小姐;老处女米旭诺等人。
高老头是6年前结束了他的生意买卖后，住进了伏盖公寓。他在公寓里成为了人们取笑的对象，‘每逢开饭的时候，大家都要在这里拿高老头开心。高老头开始住进公寓时，住在一套上等的房间，是公寓里最体面的房客，老板娘为有这样一个房客自然是高兴万分，时常向高老头搔首弄姿，想嫁高老头做一名阔太太。没想到，高老头住进来的第二年，就要求换一套次等的房间，冬天里屋子里甚至没有生火取暖，这一来，引起了房客们的纷纷议论。谁都不明白高老头葫芦里卖的什么药。但是，在看望高老头的人们中，有两个贵妇人经常来。人们认为高老头有了艳遇。高老头告诉房客，那是他的两个女儿雷斯多伯爵夫人和银行家纽沁根太太。三年之后，高老头又提出换到最低等的房间里居住，在他的家什中，值钱的行李不见了，人也越来越瘦，活像一个可怜虫。房客们此时也不尊重他了，从称他高里奥先生，到直呼高老头。
不久，高老头这个令房客们猜疑的谜终于被穷大学生拉斯蒂涅发现了。拉斯蒂涅是从外地来巴黎读书的学生，原本想做一个清廉正直的法官。但他生活在灯红酒绿的巴黎，看着上流社会的公子们花钱如流水，享尽花天酒地的生活，他的理想动摇了。拉斯蒂涅不甘心贫穷，一心一意想挤入到上流社会。在姑母的引荐下，他结识了一位远房表姐：在巴黎地位显赫的鲍赛昂子爵夫人。很快，拉斯蒂涅以鲍赛昂夫人的表弟名义引起了女人们的注意。在一次舞会上，拉斯蒂涅结识了雷斯多伯爵夫人。拉斯蒂涅得意地向公寓里的房客讲述着雷斯多伯爵夫人的事情。高老头时时插嘴问一些问题，引得老板认定高老头是给那些婆娘弄穷的。
拉斯蒂涅来到雷斯多伯爵夫人的家。他的穷酸相引起了仆人们的蔑视，他又不慎提到“高老头”三个字，惹得伯爵夫妇十分恼火，将拉斯蒂涅赶出了家门。
鲍赛昂夫人告诉拉斯蒂涅，雷斯多夫人就是高里奥家的小姐，她的父亲在法国大革命时候，靠买卖面粉起家的。高里奥中年丧妻，所以把自己全部的爱都倾注在女儿身上。高老头为了让女儿挤进上流社会，从小让她们受到良好的教育，并且在她们出嫁时，给了她们80万法郎的陪嫁。大女儿嫁给了雷斯多伯爵，小女儿嫁给了银行家纽沁根。高老头原以为女儿嫁给了体面的人家，自己理所应当的可以受到尊重。谁想，封建王朝复辟了，雷斯多伯爵，银行家纽沁根一方面认为高老头在大革命期间与公安委员会过往甚密;一方面做面粉生意有伤他们的尊严，便对高老头冷漠起来。为此，高老头不惜出卖财产，又分给了两个女儿，以获得他们的欢心，而自己搬进了伏盖公寓。拉斯蒂涅急于爬进上流社会，又得到鲍赛昂夫人的指点，找一个贵妇人做情妇。于是，拉斯蒂涅开始注意纽沁根太太了。
伏脱冷对拉斯蒂涅的心思了如指掌，为此，伏脱冷告诉拉斯蒂涅去追求泰伊番小姐。这个阴险又敏锐的家伙还告诉拉斯蒂涅，只要答应他的条件，他可以叫同党杀死泰伊番小姐的哥哥，从而继承遗产。拉斯蒂涅放弃了这一计划。几个月后，拉斯蒂涅结识了纽沁根太太，但他发现纽沁根太太经济上完全被丈夫控制着。纽沁太太非但拿不出钱来，还让拉斯蒂涅出钱为她去赌场赢回她的赌资。拉斯蒂涅转而向泰伊番小姐调情了。
伏脱冷让同党寻衅与泰伊番的哥哥决斗。他的这一计划，已经被警察当局识破。米旭诺小姐按照警察当局的指示，在伏脱冷喝的饮料中下了药。伏脱冷醉倒后，米旭诺脱下他的衣服，终于发现伏脱冷原来是一个“苦役犯”。
泰伊番小姐的哥哥在决斗中死亡。警察包围了伏盖公寓，活抓了伏脱冷，特务长将伏脱冷的假发打落在地，伏脱冷当着众人的面承认了自己叫雅克·柯冷，浑名“鬼上当”，是个苦役犯。伏脱冷得知是米旭诺小姐告的密时，临走时还说他有办法
算账。
伏盖公寓来了一辆车，从车上走下来的是纽沁根太太，她急匆匆地走进高老头的房间里，哭诉丈夫剥夺她的所有权。雷斯多夫人也来了，她哭着向父亲和妹妹说，丈夫卖掉了昂贵的项链为情人还债，她的财产被丈夫夺走了，高老头受到了巨大的打击，他现在已经无力再帮助女儿了，高老头为此想到死，直往墙上撞去。鲍赛昂夫人决定到乡下去生活，以便告别灯红酒绿的上流社会。其实，真正使鲍赛昂到乡下去生活的原因是，她的情夫娶了一个有钱的小姐，抛弃了她。鲍赛昂夫人举行告别舞会，会场壮观，赴会者云集。雷斯多夫人和纽沁根太太为了出席舞会，又去找高老头要钱：置办舞会服装。
可怜的高老头快要咽气了，他多么希望女儿能来见他最后一面，拉斯蒂涅派人去请雷斯多夫人和纽沁根太太，可是她们始终没有来看高老头。拉斯蒂涅看着高老头闭上眼睛，亲自张罗丧事。他目睹人间这一幕悲剧，决心要不择手段地进入上流社会。
(1)学生介绍小说的社会背景，教师补充社会背景：
小说的故事发生在波旁王复辟时期。1814年，拿破仑资产阶级帝国垮台。波旁先生王朝卷土重来，封建政权复辟。这个王朝维持了十多年。于1830年七月革命时被推翻。在复辟时期，大批逃亡国外的贵族回到法国，夺回他们的财产，重新得到权势。但历史的潮流仍然滚滚向前。
贵族的重新得势，并没有改变法国资本主义社会的本质。在两个阶级的激烈斗争中，资产阶级向腐朽的贵族步步进逼。
在这样的情况下，贵族的一部分人受到资产阶级思想腐蚀，只想快快发财，向资产阶级投降。比如拉斯蒂涅。
另一些贵族，自以为出身高贵、门第显赫，虽然外强中干，却态度傲慢，看不起资产阶级，坚决拒绝向资产阶级投降。但到最后，他们的门第敌不过金钱的势力，因此，一败涂地，比如鲍赛昂子爵夫人。
2.分析对比描写在小说中的作用。
●“她们马上就要来了，一知道我害病，会立刻赶来的。从前在西安街，她们服侍过多少回!”
●“在那个世界里，我要闷得发慌哩。看不见孩子，做父亲的等于入了地狱;自从她们结了婚，我就尝着这个味道。我的天堂是于西安街。嗳!喂，倘使我进了天堂，我的灵魂还能回到她们身边吗?听说有这种事情，可是真的?我现在清清楚楚看见她们在于西安街的模样。她们一早下楼，说：爸爸，你早。我把她们抱在膝上，用种种花样逗她们玩儿，跟她们淘气。她们也跟我亲热一阵。我们天天一块儿吃中饭，一块儿吃晚饭，总之那时我是父亲，看着孩子直乐。在于西安街，她们不跟我强嘴，一点不懂人事，她们很爱我。”
●“我却向她们下跪。该死的东西!她们十年来对我的行为，现在到了顶点。你不知道她们刚结婚的时候对我怎样的奉承体贴!(噢!我痛得像受毒刑一样!)我才给了她们每人八十万，她们和她们的丈夫都不敢怠慢我。我受到好款待：好爸爸，上这儿来;好爸爸，往那儿去。她们家永远有我的一份刀叉。我同她们的丈夫一块儿吃饭，他们对我很恭敬，看我手头 还有一些呢。为什么?因为我生意的底细，我一句没提。一个给了女儿八十万的人是应该奉承的。他们对我那么周到，体贴，那是为我的钱啊。世界并不美。我看到了，我!她们陪我坐着车子上戏院，我在她们的晚会里爱待多久就待多久。她们承认是我的女儿，承认我是她们的父亲。”
(2)分析对比描写的作用。
通过对比描写，揭示了教学设计>文章的主题，资本主义社会中，人与人之间是赤裸裸的金钱关系;同时也刻画了高老头畸形的父爱——用金钱来维系父女之情。
对比描写是文学作品中比较特殊的表现手法之一，它有正对与反对两种。正对是将所要表现的主体，放到与其相似或相近的人或事物中进行比较，对照加以描写;反对则是将与主体相对立的人或事，或者是人与事的两处截然相反的方面加以对照描写。
所谓对比描写其实是给所要表现的主体找到相关的参照物，在与参照物的比照下凸现主体的特征与形象。由于它是描写手法之一，在小说中如果成功运用，将会使所要展现的人物多层面地，从境遇一直到性格的形成，灵魂的善恶都鲜明地反映出来。使人物的形象变得立体、生动、更具生活真实状态。
对比描写在小说中的作用，除了以上所说以外，也从一个侧面告诉人们，社会事物是纷繁复杂的，具有一定的认知作用。
高老头对女儿的爱，无疑是希望维系小市民那种天伦之乐的生活情趣。他试图在女儿身上花费大批的金钱而“买”他们的感情“我一向对她们百依百顺。小姑娘想入非非的欲望，都给她们满足。十五岁就有了车!要什么有什么。”为了让两个女儿和她们的丈夫都不敢怠慢他。两个女儿结婚时，高老头给了她们每人八十万法郎，使高老头暂时获得了“她们家永远有我的一份刀叉。我同她们的丈夫一块吃饭。”高老头在处理家庭问题时，由于对女儿建筑在金钱上的畸形的爱而忘了保存自己的金钱的“实力”。要知道，他的两个女儿是完全用资产阶级道德观培养起来的资产阶级荡妇，她们满脑子便是“金钱万能”什么“天伦之乐”、“父女之情”。对她们不过是对牛弹琴。因此，可以说，高老头畸形的父爱，是造成其悲剧的原因之一。
(1)巴尔扎克小说在法国文学史上的地位?
在法国文学史的地位：
随着巴尔扎克在法国文坛上的如日中天，他渐渐地被他的时代的作家所认识。
戈蒂耶第一个站出来热情地赞扬巴尔扎克的天才。此后乔治·桑、波德莱尔、福楼拜、左拉对他赞誉有加。
雨果甚至在巴尔扎克的葬礼上说：“在最伟大的人物中间，巴尔扎克属于头等的一个，在最优秀的人物中间， 巴尔扎克是出类拔萃的一个。他的才智是惊人的，不同凡响的成就，不是眼下说的尽的……”
人道主义斗士法朗士对文体非常苛求，他深请地说：“他是他那个时代的社会的洞察入微的历史家。他比任何人都善于使我们更好地了解从旧制度想新制度的过度”，特别强调：“从塑造形象和深度来说，没有人能比得上巴尔扎克。”
后来的作家莫洛业说：“巴尔扎克不仅仅是十九世纪的优秀作家，他堪称最伟大的小说家，这在今天几乎是一致的看法。”
莫里亚克指出：“《人间喜剧》是神书，是巴尔扎克人物之林的条条大道。”左拉：“几
乎常常是青铜的，大理石的，既做的很多，又很坚固。”
泰纳《巴尔扎克论》：“金钱问题是他最得意的题目……他的系统化的能力和对人类处的明目张胆的偏爱创作了金钱和买卖的史诗。”
(2)试分析儒家的仁爱与高老头的畸形父爱的区别?
师生讨论明确：韩愈对儒家的“仁爱”做了注释，即“博爱”。由此可见，仁爱包括了父母对孩子的真挚的、无微不至的爱。父母爱孩子是天底下最纯的最美好的一种感情，父母在孩子身上倾注了全部的情感，把孩子培养成健康的积极向上的社会有用之人。然而，高老头的父爱是畸形的。他用金钱来维持与女儿的感情。他认为给女儿的钱越多就是越爱女儿。事实上，用金钱堆积起来的父爱，是经不起任何的考验。当他一无所有时，女儿就把他毫不留情地抛弃了，让他孤苦伶仃地死在伏盖公寓。
金钱是资本主义新时代的标记，而父爱是过了时的宗法制残留感情，这两者构成高老头的矛盾性格。在社会上，高老头是个资产者，顺应时代，追逐金钱。可是，在家庭内，却是个时代的落后者，他还保留着对亡妻和女儿的一片痴情，达到了病态的、疯狂的地步。他把血亲之爱摆到高于金钱的地位上，因而钱尽情绝，这个”父性基督就象野狗一样，惨死在公寓里。 高老头的矛盾性格，是社会由宗法制向资本主义急剧转变时代的产物，他的惨死，正是金钱毁灭人性，败坏良心，破坏家庭的明证，他的实质是封建宗法观念被资产阶级金钱至上的道德原则战胜的悲剧
高里奥高老头是法国大革命时期起家的面粉商人，中年丧妻，他把自己所有的爱都倾注在两个女儿身上。为了让她们挤进上流社会，从小给她们良好的教育，出嫁时，给了她们每人80万法郎的陪嫁，让大女儿嫁给了雷斯多伯爵，做了贵妇人;小女儿嫁给银行家纽沁根，当了金融资产阶级阔太太。他以为女儿嫁了体面人家，自己便可以受到尊重、奉承。那知不到两年，女婿竟把他当作要不得的下流东西，把他赶出家门。高老头为了获得他们的好感，忍痛出卖了店铺，将钱一分为二给了两个女儿，自己便搬进了伏盖公寓。他想见女儿时要偷偷从厨房溜进去，或者站在她们马车经过的道路旁。两个女儿偶尔也光顾父亲居住的伏盖公寓，目的是为了不断榨取父亲仅有的赖以活命的钱财。两姐妹用尽心机，各不相让，几乎反目成仇。在她们的轮番搜刮下，高老头当尽卖绝，一文不值，在伏盖公寓的阁楼上贫病交加、濒临死亡。
高老头临死前想见女儿一面,让人去叫他的女儿,可两个女儿谁也没来。书中写到：“一个也不来”拉斯蒂捏嚷道，“让我写信给她们。”“一个也不来，”老人坐起来接着说，“她们有事，她们在睡觉，她们不会来的。我早知道了。直到临死才知道女儿是什么东西!朋友，你别结婚，别生孩子!你给他们生命，他们给你死。你带他们到世界上来，他们把你从世界上赶出去。她们不会来的!我已经知道了十年。有时我心里这么想，只是不敢相信。” 这段话令人深思。
死前的高老头才悟出了资本主义社会的残酷真理：“钱可以买到一切，甚至可以买到女儿，买到情爱!”
高老头死了，两个女儿谁也没有来，他的钱都给女儿花光了，到死连入殓的衣服都没有，还是拉斯蒂涅卖了自己的表才给他入殓的。
可以说高老头是个悲惨的人，是个可悲的人!他是金钱关系的体现者，也是金钱关系的受害者。高老头是个很好的父亲，有了钱，就一心一意的栽培自己的女儿，让她们进入到上流社会。作者写以高老头的父爱，来反衬出体现在两个女儿嫌弃被她们所榨干的没有金钱的父亲，在她们的身上的看到了金钱罪恶，看到了社会的腐朽!
作者从正面写高老头的父爱，揭露了当时的社会的丑恶，是以“钱”为情，有了钱，就有了亲情，无钱就是无情!这种纯洁的父女之情，就被金钱关系所玷污了!
他头脑深处还残留着封建性质的、温情脉脉的父女关系。他看不到资本主义的家庭关系也是一种金钱关系。所以，在社会上他是个胜利者，成了个爆发户，而在家庭里，被女儿不自觉地榨干了钱财还不知，最终成了个失败者。
巴尔扎克对人物的刻画很好，不论是外貌描写还是心理刻画，甚至一个小细节，比如说高老头每吃一块面包都要放在鼻下嗅一嗅。这些刻画都使得人物更加鲜明，更加生动!
在现在这个社会，虽然不会再像上层社会那样腐朽堕落，人与人关系的冷酷无情，但我们不能因此为了钱而抛弃一切，抛弃父母的爱，周围人关心你的爱。千万不要掉进钱眼里，被金钱所吞噬，以免再上演一出悲剧
巴尔扎克的《高老头》一向被称为《人间喜剧》的序幕，曾被选为世界十大小说之一，它的主要内容是这样的：
在巴黎的一所公寓里，住着一个名叫高里奥的老头，他六年前住进了公寓，不知为什么，他由最好的房间换到了最低等的房间，人也越来越瘦。终于，高老头的变化之谜被穷大学生拉斯蒂涅揭开了。原来，高老头以前是个面粉商，他为了讨好两个女儿，卖了店铺，把钱分给了她们。两个女儿如愿以偿地得到了钱后，竟把高老头从家里赶了出来。
心狠手辣的女儿们又来向高老头要钱，可怜的高老头被逼付出了最后一文钱，致使中风症发作。临死前，高老头想见女儿们最后一面，都被推辞掉了，而他就只能在一张破床上孤苦伶仃地离开了人世。
《高老头》这部小说，从多方面描写了19世纪的贵族社会，同时，又着力批判了人与人之间的金钱关系。高老头在临死前和拉斯蒂涅说的一句话对我的印象特别深：“钱可以买到一切，甚至能买到女儿。”可两个女儿只认钱不认父，在迷人的外表下藏着一颗丑陋的心灵。巴尔扎克把两个女儿的阴险、虚伪和高老头的善良、纯朴、描写得淋漓尽致，一批具有个性化的人物，一一展现在人们面前。
文学家称《高老头》这本书“创造了金钱与买卖的史诗”，它是一本伟大的批判现实主义小说，是当之无愧的世界名著
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
①基本形式：doing (表示主动)
②被动式：being done(表示被动)
③完成式：having done(表示主动和完成)
④完成被动式：having been done(表示被动和完成)
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the 在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against 我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that 很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
英语中动词有谓语和非谓语之分。谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致，而非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词主要包括：动词不定式，动词的-ing形式和过去分词三种。
学非谓语动词必须要了解它们的形式和在句子中的功能，请看下面两个表格：
1.非谓语动词的时态和语态形式（以动词do为例）：
一般式 主动 to do doing 动词的过去分词只有一种形式即done。及物动词的过去分词常表示被动和完成，而个别动词(多数是不及物动词)只表示完成
被动 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing ×
完成进行式 to have been doing ×
2. 非谓语动词在句子中的功能：
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ ×
_ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 × × √ √ √ √ ×
一． 动词不定式的时态：
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动词同时发生；不定式的进行式（通常用于动态延续性动词）表示不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式动作先于谓语动词而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作；不定式的完成进行式往往强调不定式动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。例如：
1. When I spoke to him, he pretended ___________(look) for something here and there.
2. He looked tired. He seemed ______________(work) all night.
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________(invent) the first computer.
4. I would love _________ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
5. He ordered the man __________ (go) there at once.
二． 动词不定式的语态：
一般情况下，在一个含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）该不定式常用主动形式；如果出现的是不定式的逻辑宾语（即不定式动作的承受者），该不定式常用被动形式。但是，下面几种结构却常用主动表示被动：
(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性质特征的形容词之后的不定式或用这些词修饰一个名词后跟的不定式常用主动表示被动；
(2).少数动词如blame(责备), let(出租)等的不定式作表语时常用主动表示被动。
6. This sentence is easy ___________ (understand).
7. I can’t go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_________ (wash).
8. “Have you any clothes __________ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女佣).
9.Our school is a nice place _________ (visit).
10. I found the chair comfortable _________ (sit) in.
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).
12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).
13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.
14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).
三._ing形式的时态:
_ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后；完成式则表示
动作先于谓语动词而发生。如：
15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.
16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.
17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.
18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.
19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.
四._ing形式的语态：
一般情况下，需要找准-ing动词的逻辑主语，若它们之间是主谓关系，-ing动词常用
主动；若它们之间是动宾关系，-ing动词就要用被动。但在动词need, want, require,及形容
词worth之后的-ing必须用主动表示被动。如：
20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).
21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).
22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.
23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.
24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
25. The book is well worth ________ (read).
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。
（1）、一般来说，不定式作主语时，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具体的或将来的动作；而_ing形式作主语时，通常表示一个经常性的、泛指的、或不具体的动作。如：
26. ________ (refuse) him is not easy this time.
27. _________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.
28. ________ (teach) English is my job.
29. ________ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future.
（2）、当句子的主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，两者在形式上一般保持一致；比较状语从句中的主语形式通常也取决于主句里的主语形式。如：
30. ______ (see) is to believe.==________ (see) is believing.
31. ________ (say) is easier than to do.
32. ________ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it.
（3）、在日常英语中，为了句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语而将不定式或-ing放在句末
这时候要注意下面的习惯句型：
It + be + 形容词或名词+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.
It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.
There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)
33. It was foolish of you _________ (give) up what you rightly owned.
34. There is no ________ (hold) back the wheel of history.
35. I think it’s no good _______ (argue) with your parents.
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作宾语。
（1）、有些及物动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语，不能接-ing形式，常见的有：hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。
（2）、有些及物动词后只能接动词的_ing形式作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有：enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, allow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。
（3）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义相同，常见的有：begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意，begin, start 如遇下面三种情况时接不定式为最佳：
A. 句子的主语是物而不是人时，如：The ice began to melt.
B. 当begin, start 用了进行时态时, 如：He’s beginning to understand it.
C. 当begin, start 后作宾语的动词属于心理活动、精神状态类动词（如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）时，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home.
（4）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义有细微差别，常见的动词有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一个特定的、一次性的、将来的动作)
like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、习惯性的、或正在进行的动作)
36. I like _________ (swim) but I don’t like _______ (swim) today.
37. Would you love ________ (go) to the zoo with us?
38. I felt like _______ (cry) at the news.
（5）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义完全不同，常见动词有：
39. We must try ________ (finish) the work on time.
Let’s try _______ (work) out the maths problem in another way,
40. I remember ______ (see) her somewhere before.
You must remember _______ (post) the letter for me.
41. He forgot ______ (pay) and asked to be paid again.
Don’t forget _______ (turn) off the light when you leave.
42. I regret _______ (miss) such a good chance.
I regret _______ (say) that I can’t lend you so much money.
43. Doing like that means _________ (cheat).
I didn’t mean ________ (hurt) your feeling that day.
44. I can’t help ________ (do) housework today. I’m busy preparing a report.
I couldn’t help _________ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.
45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _______ (talk).
As he was very busy that day, he didn’t stop _______ (talk) with me.
46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on ________ (work) in the fields.
After listening to the text, we went on _______(read).
47. The baby needs ______ (look) after. =The baby needs ________ after.
You don’t need _______ (look) after the baby today.
48. Our school is well worth ________ (visit).
Our school is well worthy ________ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _________.
（6）、介词后的宾语一般用动词的-ing形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介词之后若有连接词时也要接不定式。如：
49. I have no choice but _______ (wait).
50. He gave me some advice on how _______ (study) it well.
51. He has no idea of what _______ (do) next.
52. I was about ______ (go) out when it began to rain.
注意：A. 下面短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式。
devote---to---, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer---to---, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(习惯于------),等等。
B.有些短语中介词经常省略，这时要注意接动词的-ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop ---(from) doing sth.,等等。
（7）、当不定式和_ing形式作“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”句型中的宾语时，要用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于补语之后，常见句型有：
主语+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
主语+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中作表语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式作表语通常表示一次性、特指的、将来的或具体的动作，有时还可以表示计划安排将要发生的事或一种命令要求。
（2）、-ing形式作表语通常表示习惯性、泛指的、不具体的动作或表示主语的性质特征（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“令人感到……的”）
（3）、过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态，常具有被动含义（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“感到……的”），这样的动词常见的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：
53. No one is ______ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.
54. My job is ______ (teach) English and my wish is ______ (be) a lawyer.
55. The president is ______ (visit) our country next month.
56. The speech was very _________ (move) and we were all _______ (move) to tears.
所有的非谓语动词都可以作定语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式作定语常放在被修饰的名词之后，通常可以表示：
A. 一个发生在谓语动词之后的动作。如：
The building to be built next month will be a hospital.
B. 被修饰的名词与用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑上的“主+谓”关系，也可能是逻辑上的“动+宾”关系。如：
Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+谓”关系)
I have nothing to write. (“动+宾”关系) 我没有什么东西可写。
C. 如果是“动+宾”关系，动词不定式之后有时需要添上适当的介词，而在名词time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所带的介词可以省略，如：
I have nothing to write on. 我没有什么东西可以上面写字。
I have nothing to write with. 我没有什么东西可以用来写字。
I have no time to rest.
注意：这种带介词的不定式短语常可以转换为“介词+which / whom+不定式”的结构。例：They had only a cold room to live in.==
They had only a cold room in which to live.
D. 下列情况常用不定式作定语：
当句子中的谓语是一些特定的动词，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它们后面的名词（宾语或表语）常用不定式修饰。
当名词前有特定的定语，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。
在There be句型中，主语之后常用不定式作定语。
有一些特定的名词之后常用不定式作定语，常见的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。
例：You have no right to speak here.
He is the only person to know the truth.
There is nothing to worry about.
My parents had no chance to go to college.
（2）、动词的_ing形式作定语时，如果是单个词，常放在被修饰名词之前；如果是-ing短语，要放在名词之后。_ing作定语通常可以表示：
A. 被修饰名词的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.
B. 被修饰名词的性质特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.
C．被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc.
（3）、过去分词作定语通常表示：
A. 被动，如：He is a man loved by all the people.
B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.
a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled water
C. 被修饰名词所处的状态，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中充当状语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式（短语）常在句子中作目的、结果和原因状语，常见句式有：
目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.
结果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; too…to do sth.; only to do sth.
原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.
（2）、_ing形式和过去分词位于句首时常作时间、原因、条件状语，位于句末时主要作方式、伴随或结果状语。究竟该用_ing还是过去分词，主要取决于句子的主语，若它们之间是主动关系就用_ing形式，若是被动关系，就用过去分词。
57. He raised his hand ________ the taxi stop. (have)
58. _______ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)
59. The parents died, _______ him an orphan. (leave)
60. ______ to college, he works very hard. (go)
61. I’m not such a boy as ______ him. (believe)
62. _______ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)
注意：A. 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，如：
（×）Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）It being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(×) Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.
（√）Hearing the news, I burst into tears.
（√）When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.
B．有些非谓语动词可以相当于独立成分、介词或连词使用，这时候它们常有自己固定的形式，与句子的主语不存在任何的逻辑关系，常见的有：
to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老实说)
generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/严格/准确地说)
including (其中包括……) compared with / to… (与……相比)
所有的非谓语动词都可以作补语，在使用中要注意下面几种情况：
（1）、有许多动词，如：ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。
（2）、在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三种非谓语动词作补语，其区别在：_ing作补语表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作，如果这个动作与宾语是被动关系，还要用其被动形式being done；过去分词作补语常表示一个完成被动的动作；不定式作补语可以表示一个全过程、一个具体的、将来的、或经常性的动作。如：
63. I saw the classroom ________ (clean) when I passed by it.
64. The missing children were last seen ______ (play) by the river.
65. I often hear him ________ (sing) in the next room.
66. I saw the room _________ (clean). Everything was put in order.
67. I saw him ________ (open) the door, _______ (walk) into the room, and ______ (sit) down at the desk.
（3）、注意使让动词之后的补语用法：
A．have sb. do sth.==get sb. to do sth. “请/叫/让某人做某事” 与宾语的关系是主动的。
B．have sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容许某人做某事”，强调主动和进行。
C．get sb. doing sth.“使某人开始做某事”。
D．have sb./sth. done ==get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被……或使……遭受……”，表示被动
E．make /let sb. do sth.表主动。
F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被动。
（4）、有些动词后不能接非谓语动词特别是不定式作宾语补足语，常考的动词有：agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.
(5)、有些动词后需要接_ing作宾语，而接不定式作宾语补足语，常见的动词有：advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。
例：68.You’d better have someone else _______ (help) you. I’m too busy.
69.He already had his eyes ________ (examine) in the hospital yesterday.
70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _______ (understand).
71.We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in our classroom.
72.He didn’t allow his son _____ (play) computer games.
动词的_ing形式常被用来解释一个名词的具体内容，在句子中充当同位语，如：
His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.
The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.
一、 否定结构：
所有非谓语动词的否定结构都是在非谓语动词前直接加否定词not或never等构成。
例：Excuse me for not coming back in time.
Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.
He advised me never to go out alone at night.
不定式复合结构是指带有主语的动词不定式，其形式有以下两种：
（1）、for sb. to do sth.(侧重动作), 可以用于各种句子结构中。
（2）、of sb. to do sth.(侧重对逻辑主语品行的评价)，这种结构主要用于下列形容词之后：bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。
73.It’s very important ____ us to learn English well.
74.It’s very foolish ____ you to believe him. == You are very foolish to believe him
75.There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.
76.I stepped aside ____ her to pass.
由动名词的逻辑主语和动词_ing一起构成，在句子中主要作主语和宾语，其形式有：
注意、A、当句子的主语就是_ing动词的逻辑主语时不能用复合结构。如：
Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.)
Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.)
B、_ing作主语放在句首时，只能用第（1）种形式的复合结构。如：
His being ill made us very sad.
C、当无生命的名词或两个以上的名词/代词并列作_ing的逻辑主语时，只能用第（2）种形式的复合结构。如：
Can you hear the noise of the machine running.
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?
（1）、由“名词或代词主格+动词的_ing形式或过去分词”构成，在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或方式。主要用于句子的主语不是非谓语动词的逻辑主语时。如：
77.All the work_______ (do), he had a rest. （时间状语）
78.Weather ________ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.（条件状语）
79.The boy stood there, his right hand _______ (raise). （伴随情况）
80.He _____ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. （原因状语）
81.There ______ (be) no buses, we had to walk home.（原因状语）
（2）、由“with/without +名词/代词宾格+动词_ing /过去分词/不定式/介词（短语）/形容词/副词”等构成，在句子中可以作状语或定语。如：
82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ (tie) behind his back.
83.With a lot of work ____ (do), I can’t go to the cinema with you.
84.He left without anybody ______ (know).
五、“连接词+ to do”，“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”结构的区别
（1）、“连接词+to do”相当于一个名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，常可以转换成由该连词引出的从句。
(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作状语，主句的主语是此结构中doing和done的逻辑主语，如果它们之间的关系是主动的，就用doing，是被动的就用done。
85. Please tell me what _______ (do ) next. ==Please tell me what I should do next.
86. The problem is whether _______ (go) by bus or by plane.
87. When ______ (start) the project hasn’t been decided yet.
88. Be careful when / while ________(cross) the street.
89. When________ (heat), ice will melt.
90. He won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite).
一、 省略不定式符号to的情况：
(1).不定式在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, 和使让动词have, make, let 之后作宾语补足语时，符号to必须省略。但是当这些动词用于被动语态时，动词不定式变为主语补足语，符号to不能省略。
例：We often hear him sing the song at home.→ He is often heard to sing the song at home.
(2).在动词help之后作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式，符号to可有可无。
(3).两个或两个以上的不定式由连词and / or / than / but 等连接时，从第二个不定式起的符号to常常省略。
例：The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
例：It’s more difficult to do than to say.
The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.
I wondered whether to stay or to leave.
(4).不定式作表语，用来解释主语部分中do的内容时可以不带to。如：
What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.
The first thing she did was go up to her trainer and thank her.
(5).在why或why not引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中不能带to。
Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us?
(6).在一些类似情态动词的词组如：had better, would rather … than … , can’t (help / choose) but 等之后的动词不带to。
(7).不定式作but或except的宾语时，若前面有实意动词do / does / did / to do等形式，不带to。如：
I did nothing but / except do my homework last night.
She had nothing to do but wait.
(8).当助动词do / does / did用来加强语气或构成倒装句时，其后的动词不能带to。如：
Seldom does he go home this term. I did tell him the news.
(9).当dare用作实意动词时，后面的不定式有时也不带to，特别是在否定句中。
She didn’t dare (to) ask the teacher.
(10).在美国口语中，用在祈使语气中表示目的，在动词come / try / go / run等之后的不定式可以不带to。如：
Come tell me if he arrives. Go tell your mother. Try open the door again.
二、 省略to之后的动词部分的情况：
一般说来，当不定式内容是重复前面的内容时，to后的成分可以承前省略，但要保留符
号to，此时省略的成分相当于do so，这种结构一定要有上文或一定的语境。如：
_ Will you go with me? _ Well, I’d like to.
_ Why didn’t you bring an umbrella with you? _ I meant to, but I forgot about it.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
He can’t eat as much as he used to.
注意：当不定式内容是助动词be / have时，to后要保留原形的be / have。如：
He hasn’t succeeded in the exam, but in fact he ought to have.
She is no longer what she used to be.
1. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _______ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
2. Helen had to shout _______ above the sound of the music. (2004 Ⅲ)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
3. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live. ()
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
4. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______ .()
A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
5. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
6. _ Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
_ ______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (NMET)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
7. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. (NMET1999)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
8. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET). A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
9. Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004)
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
10. With two exams _______ , I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004)
A. worrying about B. worried about C. to worry about D. to worry
11. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. (2004)
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. (2004)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
13. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
14. Alice returned from the manager’s office, _______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004). A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
15. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have wait
参考答案：1~5 CDBCC 6~10 CBABC 11~15 CABDC
第二节：1. to be looking 2. to have been working 3. to have invented 4. to have gone
5. to go 6. to understand 7. to wash 8. to be washed
9.to visit 10. to sit 11. to answer 12. to blame
13. to fire 14. to be fired 15. Walking 16. having taught
17.singing 18. having finished 19. joining 20. being invited
21. watering 22. giving 23. being built 24. Given
第三节：26. To refuse 27. Walking 28. Teaching 29. To be
30. To see; Seeing 31. To say 32. Reading 33. to give
34. holding 35. arguing 36. swimming; to swim 37. to go
38. crying 39. to finish; working 40. seeing; to post 41. being paid; to turn 42. missing; to say 43. cheating; to hurt 44. to do; thinking 45. talking; to talk
46. working; to read 47. looking/to be looked; to look 48. visiting; to be visited/being visited 49. To wait 50. to study 51. to do 52. to go 53. to learn
54. teaching; to be 55. to visit 56. moving; moved 57. to have 58. Seen
59. leaving 60. to go 61. to believe 62. Being 63. being cleaned/cleaned
64. playing 65. sing 66. cleaned 67. open; walk; sit 68. help
69. examined 70. understood 71. smoking 72. to play
第四节：73. for 74. of 75. for 76. for 77. done 78. permitting
79. raised 80. being 81. being 82. tied 83. to do 84. knowing
85. to do 86. to go 87. to start 88. crossing 89. heated 90. invited
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
非谓语动词的功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
中考英语非谓语动词资料
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用）
爬山是一项好运动。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用）
你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？
He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用）
他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
3) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English.
玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
（to have a talk.... 不定式作状语）
4) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐。
（动词用单数第三人称形式）
Larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）
非谓语动词的特征：
3 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）
To help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的.责任。（help 后跟宾语）
4 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。
(under such a condition 是 working 的状语）
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
1 . 校园里，一群穿着洁白校服的学生们正拿着劳动工具打扫卫生。他们用心地打扫着校园里每一片角落，清除着每一处卫生死角，把学校当成自己的家。
2 . ити：иу，иёшь，иут；ии（те）；шёл，шла，шло，шли；
3 . 轻飘飘的一根针，在我手里好像很重很重似的，每缝一针都让我费很大的劲儿，刚缝了几针就累得我开始冒汗了。
4 . 他是低年级的老师。To lower in quality or character;debase
5 . 工地上，阵阵笑声就像摇着银铃，小车“吱吱呀呀”就像唱着小曲，这多像一首动听的交响曲呀!
6 . 你配不上她！
7 . 我国科学文化艺术卫生教育和新闻出版业有了很大发展。
8 . adj 水平的，同高度的；笔直的；平静的
9 . 这时课堂里响起了“向孔繁森学习!”“向孔繁森致敬!”的口号。
10 . Itsallgood
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别，
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的.。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划，
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
动名词和不定式均可以充当句子的主语，可以避免人称如“people，we”频繁做主语的情况。
如：Living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday
Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their children to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children在线考试中心
考生可以模仿以上例子，结合被动语态及形式主语，更准确地对其进行使用。
◍ 非谓语教案 ◍
作状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的辨析，即是选择动词不定式、现在分词还是过去分词作状语,不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同。动词不定式主要作目的、结果和原因状语;现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随状语，两者不同之处在于：现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,即它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间的关系是主动关系，而过去分词作状语时，虽然它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语，但过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。请看下面例题：
,
A)TogetB)Tohavegot
C)GettingD)Havegot
一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此，首先可以确定这是一个简单句，非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语gettiredof与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系，以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，没有明显的先后顺序，可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度，故正确答案为C。
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